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Removing the nicotine from tobacco: The key component of the current Smokefree Bill
Removing the nicotine from tobacco: The key component of the current Smokefree Bill
![Cigarettes](/sites/default/files/styles/cropped_image_16_7_/public/2018-06/cigar-1529472.jpg?itok=HFGi07fw)
Aotearoa New Zealand’s Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Bill includes three key policy measures from the Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 Action Plan: denicotinisation of cigarettes and tobacco, large reductions in outlets selling tobacco, and the introduction of a Smokefree Generation policy. In a previous blog we summarised the evidence for and against denicotinisation. This blog updates the evidence, describes why this policy is so pivotal, and discusses implementation issues.
This Public Health Expert blog, written by Richard Edwards, Janet Hoek, Andrew Waa, Nick Wilson, Lindsay Robertson and Chris Bullen, is republished with permission of the University of Otago
The draft Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 Action Plan (Action Plan) published in April 2021 proposed mandating the removal of virtually all nicotine from smoked tobacco products. Denicotinised (sometimes called very low nicotine cigarettes, VLNCs) are defined as cigarettes having less than 0.4mg nicotine per gram of tobacco.1
Our blog in April 2021 summarised the case for denicotinisation as follows:
- Theory and logic suggests denicotinisation will greatly reduce the addictiveness and appeal of smoked tobacco products, and accelerate the decline in smoking prevalence equitably;
- Extensive supporting evidence, notably from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), show that people who smoke and are provided with denicotinised cigarettes find these products less appealing and satisfying, and are more likely to make quit attempts and stop smoking;
- Concerns that denicotinisation would result in compensatory smoking and increased exposure to toxins have proven unfounded;
- Aotearoa is a highly favourable context to mandate denicotinisation because less hazardous non-combustible nicotine products (subsidised nicotine replacement therapy, such as patches, and vaping products) are widely available.
- The Action Plan creates a uniquely favourable context in which denicotinisation will be supported by other robust policies, including reduced retail availability of tobacco products and the smokefree generation policy, and by enhanced smoking cessation support;
- Denicotinisation is technically feasible and acceptable, with high levels of support, including among people who smoke.
The Ministry of Health’s analysis of submissions to the consultation on the draft Action Plan revealed most submitters supported denicotinisation. Submitters holding strongly positive views included community groups, Pacific, Māori and iwi/hapū groups; government organisations; smokefree researchers and practitioners; and health care organisations. More negative responses were largely confined to small and medium retailers, vape retailers, and tobacco manufacturers.
Important developments in the evidence base strengthen the case for denicotinisation being the single most important measure included in the Action Plan.
Recent studies, including two comprehensive reviews,1 2 provide further evidence for denicotinisation’s likely effectiveness and information to guide implementation. These studies give greater confidence that denicotinisation is feasible and equitable. For example, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have found people using denicotinised cigarettes from groups with high smoking prevalence, such as people experiencing poor mental health or with lower socio-economic status (SES ), are more likely to make a quit attempt and quit smoking. These studies found no increase in possible adverse effects like increased (compensatory) smoking, stress and anxiety or use of alcohol and other drugs.3-5 These findings enable us to reject claims tobacco companies and others with commercial vested interests have made to oppose denicotinisation.
Some other recent key findings include:
- An RCT compared experiences among people who smoke and had a history of anxiety and mood disorders randomised to receive denicotinised or regular cigarettes. It found reduced cigarette consumption and markedly increased quit rates in the denicotinised cigarettes group, but no differences in measures of anxiety, mood and stress.4
- An RCT with low SES participants found participants using denicotinised cigarettes smoked fewer cigarettes, reduced their exposure to carcinogens, and had increased quitting compared to participants using regular cigarettes. High rates of attrition and non-compliance among the denicotinised cigarette users suggest having alternative sources of nicotine available is important with a denicotinisation policy.5
- An RCT found that people randomised to denicotinised cigarettes were less likely to drink alcohol daily or engage in binge drinking than people randomised to using regular cigarettes.3
- An RCT comparing gradual vs immediate reduction in nicotine levels found that there was a greater reduction in cigarettes smoked among participants randomised to the immediate reduction group.6
- A qualitative study with people who smoke who could only access denicotinised cigarettes found that most thought they would smoke more but did not. Some participants felt less addicted and more in control of their smoking. Many thought that if only denicotinised cigarettes were available, they would stop smoking, switch to vaping, or seek illicit regular cigarettes or tobacco.7
- Studies in diverse US populations8-11 and among people who smoke or have recently quit in the New Zealand ITC study,12 have found that the pivotal role of nicotine in addiction is generally understood. However, these studies also revealed common misperceptions, such as that nicotine is the main cause of cancer and other serious smoking-related diseases. This suggests people who smoke may falsely believe denicotinised cigarettes are substantially less harmful to smoke than regular cigarettes or vaping products.
Modelling studies add more evidence. We reported in a previous blog findings from a preliminary modelling study using estimates of impact based on expert elicitation and evidence from NZ studies. Prompt implementation of denicotinisation (March 2023) was projected to dramatically reduce overall daily smoking prevalence to 3.1% by 2025, and to 7.7% for Māori. Māori daily smoking prevalence was projected to reach 5.2% (close to the <5% smokefree goal) in 2025 with additional mass media expenditure and Quitline cessation support. More sophisticated modelling, reported in the regulatory impact statement14 reached similar conclusions and also found denicotinisation results in substantial reductions in Māori vs non-Māori health inequities.15
Hatsukami et al1 have proposed best practice for implementing a denicotinisation strategy. The table summarises their key points and proposes how the policy could be operationalised in NZ.
Table: Recommendations for implementation of a denicotinisation policy in Aotearoa NZ (adapted from Hatsukami et al1)
International momentum for mandated denicotinisation is growing. In December 2021, the US FDA authorised marketing of two denicotinised cigarette products and in June 2022, the FDA announced it intends to develop a product standard to minimise the nicotine level of smoked tobacco products.
Most importantly, the final Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 Action Plan committed to introduce mandated denicotinisation and the Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Bill published on 21 June 2022 included denicotinisation. A Technical Advisory Group has already been established.
The proposed implementation process set out in the current Bill includes:
- Denicotinisation will apply to all smoked tobacco products (to prevent tobacco companies from developing small cigars and similar products designed to evade limits that apply only to cigarettes);
- Regulations introducing the proscribed nicotine limit must be introduced within 21 months of the Bill becoming law (although the timetable for introducing the policy once the regulations are in place is unclear);
- Smoked tobacco products will require approval to be sold in NZ and tobacco manufacturers/importers will be required to implement an annual testing regime to demonstrate that products meet the standards required for approval.
The outline in the Bill could change if amendments are introduced during the Select Committee and subsequent readings of the Bill.
There should be no major product-related feasibility issues: producing denicotinised tobacco is highly feasible,16 and some US companies already produce VLNCs and others may follow. Such products could be imported through these companies via branches in NZ or by existing NZ-based tobacco or vaping companies.
There are at least four priority actions needed at this point.
Strong advocacy. The health, public health, and smokefree communities need to advocate strongly for this key measure and support its passage through Parliament, by making submissions that outline the benefits denicotinisation will bring to whānau, communities and the general population.
Rapid implementation. The policy should be introduced as soon as practicable, given the urgency of helping people who smoke to quit and preventing additional young people from becoming addicted to smoking. We recommend introducing regulations in 2023, within six months of the Bill becoming law, and implementing the policy during 2024, within 6-12 months of publication of the regulations.
Correct sequencing. Implementing denicotinisation before introducing measures to greatly reduce retail availability of smoked tobacco products has a strong logic. The substantial reductions in prevalence and demand that will follow denicotinisation will decrease the importance of smoked tobacco products to retailers, thus increasing the acceptability and feasibility of introducing rigorous retail supply constraints.
Plan now. Detailed preparation should start immediately, so implementation can begin once the Bill has passed into law. We suggest the implementation strategy should include a communications plan (see Table) to explain the policy and its rationale, enhanced measures to monitor and minimise illicit trade (these are already being introduced), and developing a product testing and surveillance regime to ensure all products released for sale comply with the new product standards.
New research and modelling studies add to the evidence strongly suggesting that denicotinisation of cigarettes and other tobacco products is a pivotal measure in the Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 Action Plan; and that this measure will rapidly reduce smoking prevalence and the many inequities smoking causes. The smokefree and public health communities in Aotearoa NZ have a crucial opportunity to help end the smoking epidemic by uniting to support the Smokefree Bill and advocating for rapid implementation of the world-leading measures it sets out.
Professor Bullen is at Auckland University. All other authors are with University of Otago (Wellington and Dunedin campuses) and are in ASPIRE 2025.
- Hatsukami DK, Xu D, Ferris Wayne G. Regulatory Approaches and Implementation of Minimally Addictive Combusted Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2022;24(4):453-62. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntab138 [published Online First: 2021/07/01]
- Donny EC, White CM. A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential. Int J Drug Policy 2022;99:103436. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103436 [published Online First: 2021/09/19]
- Dermody SS, Tessier KM, Meier E, et al. An Evaluation of Potential Unintended Consequences of a Nicotine Product Standard: A Focus on Drinking History and Outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 2021;23(7):1168-75. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa236 [published Online First: 2020/11/22]
- Foulds J, Veldheer S, Pachas G, et al. The effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes in smokers with mood or anxiety disorders: a double-blind randomized trial. medRxiv 2022:2022.05.24.22275536. doi: 10.1101/2022.05.24.22275536
- Krebs NM, Zhu J, Wasserman E, et al. Switching to Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Low Socioeconomic Status: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2021;23(6):992-1001. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa247 [published Online First: 2020/11/30]
- Cassidy RN, Tidey JW, Cao Q, et al. Responses to Gradual and Immediate Reduction of Nicotine in Cigarettes in Young Versus Older Adult Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021;23(9):1559-66. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntab049 [published Online First: 2021/03/24]
- Denlinger-Apte RL, White CM, Donny EC, et al. “I actually finally feel like the cigarettes aren’t controlling me.” – Interviews with participants smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes during a residential study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021;219:108465. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108465 [published Online First: 2021/01/01]
- Differding M, Katz SJ, Strayer LG, et al. Educating the Public on the Health Risks of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes: Results From a US-Based Convenience Sample. Nicotine Tob Res 2022;24(6):871-80. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac010 [published Online First: 2022/01/14]
- Henderson KC, Loud EE, Duong HT, et al. Perceptions of nicotine reduction policy in the US: A qualitative study. Nicotine Tob Res 2022 doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac071 [published Online First: 2022/03/22]
- Loud EE, Duong HT, Henderson KC, et al. Addicted to smoking or addicted to nicotine? A focus group study on perceptions of nicotine and addiction among US adult current smokers, former smokers, non-smokers and dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Addiction 2022;117(2):472-81. doi: 10.1111/add.15634 [published Online First: 2021/07/07]
- Weiger C, Moran MB, Kennedy RD, et al. Beliefs and Characteristics Associated With Believing Nicotine Causes Cancer: A Descriptive Analysis to Inform Corrective Message Content and Priority Audiences. Nicotine Tob Res 2022 doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac060 [published Online First: 2022/04/07]
- McKiernan A, Stanley J, Waa AM, et al. Beliefs among Adult Smokers and Quitters about Nicotine and De-nicotinized Cigarettes in the 2016-17 ITC New Zealand Survey. Tobacco Regulatory Science 2019;5(5):400-09. doi: 10.18001/trs.5.5.1
- Wilson N, Hoek J, Nghiem N, et al. Modelling the impacts of tobacco denicotinisation on achieving the Smokefree 2025 goal in Aotearoa New Zealand. The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online) 2022;135(1548):65-76.
- Ministry of Health. Regulatory Impact Statement: Smokefree Aotearoa Action Plan. Wellington: Ministry of Health 2021.
- Blakely T, Ouakrim DA, Wilson N, et al. Could Denicotinisation of Tobacco Products In NZ Achieve Less than 5% by 2025? Presented at SRNT Annual Meeting, Baltimore, USA. 2022
- Havermans A, Pieper E, Henkler-Stephani F, et al. Feasibility of Manufacturing Tobacco with Very Low Nicotine Levels. Tobacco Regulatory Science 2020;6(6):405-15. doi: 10.18001/trs.6.6.4